案例研究:Deepfake 對選舉的影響

# Simplified illustration of the vulnerability class
# This demonstrates the pattern, not the exact exploit
 
class VulnerabilityDemonstration:
    """Educational demonstration of the vulnerability class."""
 
    def vulnerable_pattern(self, user_input: str) -> str:
        """The vulnerable code pattern that enabled the incident."""
        # Problem: User input is processed without validation
        # and has the same privilege level as system instructions
        response = self.model.generate(
            system_prompt=self.system_prompt,
            user_input=user_input,  # Untrusted input treated as trusted
        )
        # Problem: Output is returned without checking for data leakage
        return response
 
    def secure_pattern(self, user_input: str) -> str:
        """The corrected pattern with proper security controls."""
        # Fix 1: Validate input before processing
        if self.input_classifier.is_adversarial(user_input):
            return "Request could not be processed."
 
        response = self.model.generate(
            system_prompt=self.system_prompt,
            user_input=user_input,
        )
 
        # Fix 2: Filter output for sensitive data leakage
        filtered = self.output_filter.sanitize(response)
 
        # Fix 3: Log the interaction for monitoring
        self.audit_log.record(user_input, filtered)
 
        return filtered

from dataclasses import dataclass
from typing import Optional
import time
 
@dataclass
class SecurityGateway:
    """Gateway pattern for securing LLM application access."""
 
    input_classifier: object  # ML-based input classifier
    output_filter: object     # Output content filter
    rate_limiter: object      # Rate limiting service
    audit_logger: object      # Audit trail logger
 
    def process_request(self, user_id: str, message: str, session_id: str) -> dict:
        """Process a request through all security layers."""
        request_id = self._generate_request_id()
 
        # Layer 1: Rate limiting
        if not self.rate_limiter.allow(user_id):
            self.audit_logger.log(request_id, "rate_limited", user_id)
            return {"error": "Rate limit exceeded", "retry_after": 60}
 
        # Layer 2: Input classification
        classification = self.input_classifier.classify(message)
        if classification.is_adversarial:
            self.audit_logger.log(
                request_id, "input_blocked",
                user_id, classification.category
            )
            return {"error": "Request could not be processed"}
 
        # Layer 3: LLM processing
        response = self._call_llm(message, session_id)
 
        # Layer 4: Output filtering
        filtered = self.output_filter.filter(response)
        if filtered.was_modified:
            self.audit_logger.log(
                request_id, "output_filtered",
                user_id, filtered.reason
            )
 
        # Layer 5: Audit logging
        self.audit_logger.log(
            request_id, "completed",
            user_id, len(message), len(filtered.content)
        )
 
        return {"response": filtered.content}
 
    def _generate_request_id(self) -> str:
        import uuid
        return str(uuid.uuid4())
 
    def _call_llm(self, message: str, session_id: str) -> str:
        # LLM API call implementation
        pass

from dataclasses import dataclass
from collections import defaultdict
import time
 
@dataclass
class SecurityMetrics:
    """Track security-relevant metrics for LLM applications."""
 
    # Counters
    total_requests: int = 0
    blocked_requests: int = 0
    filtered_outputs: int = 0
    anomalous_sessions: int = 0
 
    # Rate tracking
    _request_times: list = None
    _block_times: list = None
 
    def __post_init__(self):
        self._request_times = []
        self._block_times = []
 
    def record_request(self, was_blocked: bool = False, was_filtered: bool = False):
        """Record a request and its disposition."""
        now = time.time()
        self.total_requests += 1
        self._request_times.append(now)
 
        if was_blocked:
            self.blocked_requests += 1
            self._block_times.append(now)
 
        if was_filtered:
            self.filtered_outputs += 1
 
    def get_block_rate(self, window_seconds: int = 300) -> float:
        """Calculate the block rate over a time window."""
        now = time.time()
        cutoff = now - window_seconds
        recent_requests = sum(1 for t in self._request_times if t > cutoff)
        recent_blocks = sum(1 for t in self._block_times if t > cutoff)
        if recent_requests == 0:
            return 0.0
        return recent_blocks / recent_requests
 
    def should_alert(self) -> bool:
        """Determine if current metrics warrant an alert."""
        block_rate = self.get_block_rate()
        # Alert if block rate exceeds threshold
        if block_rate > 0.3:  # >30% of requests blocked in last 5 min
            return True
        return False

class OrganizationalIntegration:
    """Framework for integrating AI security with organizational security programs."""
 
    def __init__(self, org_config: dict):
        self.config = org_config
        self.gaps = []
 
    def assess_maturity(self) -> dict:
        """Assess the organization's AI security maturity."""
        domains = {
            "governance": self._check_governance(),
            "technical_controls": self._check_technical(),
            "monitoring": self._check_monitoring(),
            "incident_response": self._check_ir(),
            "training": self._check_training(),
        }
        overall = sum(d["score"] for d in domains.values()) / len(domains)
        return {"domains": domains, "overall_maturity": round(overall, 1)}
 
    def _check_governance(self) -> dict:
        has_policy = self.config.get("ai_security_policy", False)
        has_framework = self.config.get("risk_framework", False)
        score = (int(has_policy) + int(has_framework)) * 2.5
        return {"score": score, "max": 5.0}
 
    def _check_technical(self) -> dict:
        controls = ["input_classification", "output_filtering", "rate_limiting", "sandboxing"]
        active = sum(1 for c in controls if self.config.get(c, False))
        return {"score": active * 1.25, "max": 5.0}
 
    def _check_monitoring(self) -> dict:
        has_monitoring = self.config.get("ai_monitoring", False)
        has_alerting = self.config.get("ai_alerting", False)
        score = (int(has_monitoring) + int(has_alerting)) * 2.5
        return {"score": score, "max": 5.0}
 
    def _check_ir(self) -> dict:
        has_playbook = self.config.get("ai_ir_playbook", False)
        return {"score": 5.0 if has_playbook else 0.0, "max": 5.0}
 
    def _check_training(self) -> dict:
        has_training = self.config.get("ai_security_training", False)
        return {"score": 5.0 if has_training else 0.0, "max": 5.0}